History of Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin Chinese is the official language of Mainland China and Taiwan, and its one of the official languages of Singapore and the United Nations. It is the most widely-spoken language in the world. Dialects Mandarin Chinese is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"dialect,† but the distinction between dialects and languages is not always clear. There are many different versions of Chinese spoken throughout China, and these are usually classified as dialects.   There are other Chinese dialects, such as Cantonese, which is spoken in Hong Kong, that are very distinct from Mandarin. However, many of these dialects use Chinese characters for their written form, so that Mandarin speakers and Cantonese speakers (for example) can understand each other through writing, even though the spoken languages are mutually unintelligible. Language Family and Groups Mandarin is part of the Chinese family of languages, which in turn is part of the Sino-Tibetan language group. All Chinese languages are tonal, which means that the way words are pronounced varies their meanings. Mandarin has ​four tones. Other Chinese languages have up to ten distinct tones. The word â€Å"Mandarin† actually has two meanings when referring to language. It can be used to refer to a particular group of languages, or more commonly, as the Beijing dialect that is the standard language of mainland China. The Mandarin group of languages includes standard Mandarin (the official language of mainland China), as well as Jin (or Jin-yu), a language spoken in the central-north region of China and inner Mongolia. Local Names for Mandarin The name â€Å"Mandarin† was first used by the Portuguese to refer to the magistrates of the Imperial Chinese court and the language they spoke. Mandarin is the term used through much of the Western world, but the Chinese themselves refer to the language as æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pÇ” tÃ… ng huà  ), å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guà ³ yÇ”), or è  ¯Ã¨ ¯ ­ (huà ¡ yÇ”). æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pÇ” tÃ… ng huà  ) literally means â€Å"common language† and is the term used in mainland China. Taiwan uses å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guà ³ yÇ”) which translates to national language, and Singapore and Malaysia refer to it as è  ¯Ã¨ ¯ ­ (huà ¡ yÇ”) which means Chinese language. How Mandarin Became Chinas Official Language Due to its immense geographic size, China has always been a land of many languages and dialects. Mandarin emerged as the language of the ruling class during the latter part of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The capital of China switched from Nanjing to Beijing in the latter part of the Ming Dynasty and remained in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). Since Mandarin is based on the Beijing dialect, it naturally became the official language of the court. Nonetheless, the large influx of officials from various parts of China meant that many dialects continued to be spoken at the Chinese court. It was not until 1909 that Mandarin became the national language of China, å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ ( guà ³ yÇ”). When the Qing Dynasty fell in 1912, the Republic of China maintained Mandarin as the official language. It was renamed æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pÇ” tÃ… ng huà  ) in 1955, but Taiwan continues to use the name å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guà ³ yÇ”). Written Chinese As one of the Chinese languages, Mandarin uses Chinese characters for its writing system. Chinese characters have a history dating back more than two thousand years. The early forms of Chinese characters were pictographs (graphic representations of real objects), but characters became more stylized and came to represent ideas as well as objects. Each Chinese character represents a syllable of the spoken language. Characters represent words, but not every character is used independently. The Chinese writing system is very complex and the most difficult part of learning Mandarin. There are thousands of characters, and they must be memorized and practiced to master the written language. In an attempt to improve literacy, the Chinese government began simplifying characters in the 1950s. These simplified characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, and Malaysia, while Taiwan and Hong Kong still use the traditional characters. Romanization Students of Mandarin  outside of Chinese-speaking countries often use Romanization in place of Chinese characters when first learning the language. Romanization uses the Western (Roman) alphabet to represent the sounds of spoken Mandarin, so it is a bridge between learning the spoken language and beginning the study of Chinese characters. There are many systems of Romanization, but the most popular for teaching materials is Pinyin.

Global Warming Not Our Fault - 850 Words

Global Warming: Not Our Fault The earth is constantly undergoing changes. This ranges from tectonic activity to atmospheric and climate changes. The most recent change that we have noticed, is the increase in temperature. Some believe that this increase is the result of human activity. However, this is not the case. The increased temperatures are within the normal tolerances from the past few thousand years (Robinson, Robinson, Soon, 2008). This and other changes to the atmosphere have been going on for millions of years. Global warming is not our fault because it is a natural occurring phenomenon. The increased temperatures are part of a natural cycle that the earth goes through. These cycles include both warming and cooling periods. The most recent warming period was approximately 1000 years ago known as the â€Å"Medieval Climate Optimum† (Robinson, Robinson, Soon, 2008). During the Medieval Climate Optimum the average temperature was much warmer than what is no w. 1000 years ago they didn’t burn hydrocarbons like we do now, and the temperatures then were warmer than they are now. 200 - 500 years ago the earth went through a cooling period known as a â€Å"Little Ice Age† (Robinson, Robinson, Soon, 2008). We are currently recovering from that cooling period. During the Little Ice Age temperatures dropped well below average. However, a study of more recent history temperatures can also show that the climates are cyclic and not the result of human activities.Show MoreRelatedThe Group 1 Takeover : Is Global Warming Our Fault?952 Words   |  4 Pages The topic focused on climate change or global warming. The message of the presentation asked if the cause of the current increase in temperatures is attributed to the increase in CO2 emissions by humans. The value and of this conversation comes at a time when there is lots of politics involved creating gridlock not only for citizens but also for scientists. Jonathan Armentrou t, Devonta Williams and Ariana Ireland-Nelson ask, â€Å"Is Global Warming Our Fault?†, and immediately you start to think aboutRead MoreMy Exam Choice : Home Final Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Com 310 Spring 2015 Instructor: Dan Dullea Student Name: Destini Brodi ID: #0473731 The Topic Questions: Most scientists, using scientific evidence, believe that Global Warming and Global Climate change are the defining problem of our time and how we address the problem will determine the fate of our species. 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People who believe global warming exists and want to fix the problem as soon as possible because it may cause a catastrophe. Al Gore and the IPCC are the main people who believe global warming may change our lives and sometimes create an illusion that it is our fault. There are many examples that it may be so like a hot summer in Edmonton, no negative temperature days in Glasgow, Montana howeverRead MoreGlobal Warming: Natural or Man Made? 1139 Words   |  5 PagesMan made global warming has been a topic of uncontrollable controversy for many decades now. Global warming is the increase in the average global surface temperature in the Earth’s atmosphere. There are many theories as to why there has been such a drastic change in the Earth’s atmosphere throughout the years. These theories have ignited many debates amongst scientists. According to multiple scientists, humans are the ones responsible for the alarming change in the Earth’s atmospheric temperatureRead MoreGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans1343 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans In modern America few problems prove to be as fundamentally problematic as the theory of human induced global warming. Its repeated coverage from within the media and political arena are influencing people worldwide, putting those who think differently in an outcast shadow. The truth of the matter is, to not believe in human induced global warming has become politically incorrect and unacceptable in the public eye. The theory of human induced global warming canRead MoreClimate Change Is Our Fault922 Words   |  4 PagesClimate Change is Our Fault The truth is earth is heating up and it is partially humans fault. The simplest of human activities can alter the climates to change. Humans are not the only climate drivers. There are also natural factors (â€Å"How Much Does Human Activity Affect Climate Change?†). The earth is changing due to the climate changes . For future generations the earth may perhaps look different (Nuccitelli). Human activity is advancing global climate change rapidly. Humans are the main factorRead MoreFactors that Contribute to Global Warming, Such as Carbon Dioxide743 Words   |  3 PagesOver the recent years, global warming has become a hot topic, due to the melting of polar ice caps and extreme temperature changes across the globe. Since 1960, the percentage of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by 20%, which is the highest recorded in 800,000 years. The true question though is whether this is due to natural causes or whether it’s the impact humans have on the earth’s delicate ecosystem. The main signs that global warming is currently affecting our world is the rapid temperatureRead More Pollution Essay: Don’t Blame Me for Global Warming1033 Words   |  5 Pageswrong by one body of people. This body is our government, for many years now they have spoke of the horrendous situations stemming from global warming. This makes no sense; with the facts and information that we have received over the years they still support this preposterous idea. Humans do nothing to contribute to global warming; the irregular climate events are just natural occurrences. These occurrences are no stranger to our history either. (â€Å"Global Warm Up†)(â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†) TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World868 Words   |  4 PagesDisputed Global Warming Affects Global Warming is in the minds of critical thinkers and scientist as well as the Industrial World. In this paper, we will look at man-made causes of Global Warming, and natural causes in Global Warming Affects. The man- made cause would be (GHC) which abbreviates to greenhouse gases and the chemical (SO2) represents sulfur dioxide from cars and Industry. The natural cause in the climate would direct more to a cooler climate. The Global Warming remains,augmented that

Procedures of Educating Patients-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Patient Education. Answer: Patient education is the procedure by which healthcare professionals and others impart health related information to patients and their caregivers. This is helpful in altering the health behaviors of the patients and family members that thereby help in improving their health status. Patient education is an individualized, structured and systematic process that helps in proper assessment and imparting of knowledge regarding health of the patients[1]. This helps the patient in being careful about their activities and help in development of skills that will help to modify the incorrect habits and bring out changes in behaviors. The main goal of patient education is to increase comprehension as well as participation in proper self-management strategies and health care needs[2]. The following assignment will show how patient education is important in ensuring good health of patients. It will also show the procedure by which healthcare education is given to patients. Situation, importance of client education and aim of the patient education: An old woman was admitted to the hospital after she faced a fall. She was not hurt as she had the fall on her bed. She was lying on the bed after her meal. She was about to step off the bed when she felt uneasy and fell on the bed with her back. Immediately, her son and daughter in law admitted her to the healthcare center. It was diagnosed that she had an insulin shock. Although, she was safe in the healthcare center after treatment, it could have resulted her more suffering if she had this fall elsewhere like in garden, stairs or floors. It was also noticed that she had no knowledge about her disorder and did not know why he she was taking medicines and insulin injections. She had grown old and tends to forget her medicines or takes them more than once. For these reasons, on the day of the accident, the patient had taken insulin twice - once before and once after the meal. This had resulted in overdose of insulin and excessive decrease in sugar level in blood. This affected her phy siological systems. Therefore, it was necessary to teach her and her family caregiver about the disorder, ways it affects human beings, issues it may cause and ways to overcome the issues with proper medication. Dosing is very important which is not followed properly, can lead to detrimental errors[3]. Therefore, the main aim of the health education plan is to make the patient understand the disorder in details and teach her the correct medication intake so that insulin shock or high blood sugar level due to forgetting of medication do not take place. Scope of practice and initiatives to develop a plan for proper health education: Scope of practice can be defined as the procedure, processes as well as actions that every health care professional are permitted to undertake for the safety care of patients. This should follow the proper guidelines, laws, and boundaries of their professional license. Every healthcare professional should follow a particular procedure that in order to provide proper patient education [4]. The first step is called the proper assessment of the learning needs of the patient. It is important for the healthcare professionals to assess the learning needs, style of learning and readiness of the patient to learn. This would include what the patient already knows what they want to or need to learn. They should also have the idea about what the patients are capable of learning. The nurse should also develop the knowledge about the best ways by which they can educate the patients. Proper open-ended questions can be asked in the interviews. This will help the caregiver to know the lifestyle of the patient and would help in assessing her needs[5]. Moreover, the nurse should also ask question to identify the patients learning style so that she can correctly develop the teaching strategies as closely as possible for the patients preferred style. Questions for patients readiness to learn should be also known. The next step would be developing the learning objectives. The healthcare professionals should be able to define the outcomes that she herself and the patient are expecting from the teaching learning procedures. Learning objectives are very different from learning goals, as they are not general and long-term. Rather they are specific, attainable, measurable and short term. In case of the patient noted, an example can be provided[6]. The learning goal of the patient would be to make her learn how to maintain the blood sugar levels between 70 and 150 mg/dl at all times of the day. However, reaching to such goals will never be successful until the patient develops learning objectives that will help him to achieve the goal. The patient in such situation should set objectives like where she would be able to state five symptoms of hypoglycemia after the completion of program by the time of discharge. She should understand linking her medications with her physical conditions by the need of education proper discharge and similar others. The next important step would be planning and implementing teaching. The teaching plan will have a number of aspects. The teaching plan will be based on when the teaching would be conducted. This would include the length of hospital stay or the number of home health visits available in the patients account[7]. The plan will also state when the teaching will be conducted which would be based on the patients comfort and her privacy. The healthcare professional would also plan the ways by which she would teach. This would involve different teaching methods like one on one sessions, small group discussions, and demonstrations and return demonstrations, role playing, programmed instruction and games. The different teaching materials would be using of models, pamphlets and brochures, posters and flip charts, transparencies, audiocassettes, computer assisted instructions and internet CDS, videos and closed circuit televisions and many others[8]. These are the best resources and tools which will bring put positive outcomes. The next step would be evaluating teaching and learning procedures adapted by the professional and the patient. This is the last phase of the teaching procedures. This is mainly an ongoing appraisal of the learning progress of the patient during and after the education. This step mainly helps to evaluate if the patient has successfully learnt what had been taught to them. This would be done by maintaining a proper checklist which the healthcare sector had prepared for evaluating the patients health literacy skills. This may vary from one to another healthcare center. The nurse will need to observe return demonstrations of what the patients had learnt regarding the necessary skills[9]. The patient can be asked to restate the instructions in their own words. The patient should be confirmed whether she needs more training in any area. Simple questionnaires of education on diabetes can be asked to the patient to develop ideas about her knowledge. The patient can be also taken in practica l sessions where the professional can review her own record of self-monitored glucose levels in blood, how she injects insulin, how she schedules her timings for medication and others. If any reminder apps are advised, the educator would also check whether she is able to use the app successfully or not. Content of the teaching session: Some of the important points that should be inculcated in the teaching sessions should be jotted down prior to the development of education tools and resources for the patient. The patient was seen not to have any ideas about the entire disorder of diabetes and therefore large amount of information should be provided to patients[10]. The content should contain material that would help the students to understand exactly about the disorder of diabetes and the procedure by which this disorder affects the physiological system of the body. Secondly, it should contain information about the ways of working o medicines for diabetes. The education plan would also contain ways by which the patient would be able to educate themselves about the types of food he would take and how meals should be planned. It would also contain suggestion charts, apps as well as other tools that would help in providing reminders and helping in tracking progress. It would also provide ways about how the patient cou ld handle stress and solve different problems arising from diabetes treatment. She should be educated about oral medication like metformin and insulin injections as she is to pursue combined dose of oral medication and insulin. Community services required for the patient: Social care worker helping her with her daily activities until she gets fit Weekly monitoring sessions held by communities where overall health can be checked Community workshops for lifestyle management [11] Weight and diet management sessions as obesity has associations with diabetes Regular checkups by GP Documentations: Documentation is very important as it helps in meeting purposes like communicating patients progress across all team members, maintain continuity of care, prevent duplication of teaching, serving of evidences of fulfillment of teaching requirement according to policies and procedures and others. It can be done in flowcharts, checklists, care plans, traditional progress notes and many others. The document would contain: Readiness of the patient to learn and patients preferred learning style. Learning needs of the patient Information and skills that are taught Patients current idea and knowledge about her condition and healthcare managements Learning objectives and goals set by the patient and professional [12] Teaching methods that had been used Evaluation results. Conclusion: When a nurse follows these procedures of educating patients in a planned manner, she or he can provide the safest care to the patients ensuring that the patient leads better quality life. Every nursing professional should try to learn and apply proper steps for educating patients. Patients with health literacy show better quality lives than those who do not have proper health literacy. References: Bell, K.J., Smart, C.E., Steil, G.M., Brand-Miller, J.C., King, B. and Wolpert, H.A., 2015. Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era.Diabetes Care,38(6), pp.1008-1015. Chrvala, C.A., Sherr, D. and Lipman, R.D., 2016. Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control.Patient education and counseling,99(6), pp.926-943. Coppola, A., Sasso, L., Bagnasco, A., Giustina, A. and Gazzaruso, C., 2016. The role of patient education in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: an overview.Endocrine,53(1), pp.18-27. Cryer, P.E., 2016. Management of hypoglycemia during treatment of diabetes mellitus.UpToDate, Waltham, MA.(Accessed on March 25th, 2014.) Retrieved from https://www. uptodate. com/contents/management-of-hypoglycemia-during-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus. Devchand, R., Nicols, C., Gallivan, J.M., Tiktin, M., Krause?Steinrauf, H., Larkin, M. and Tuncer, D.M., 2017. Assessment of a National Diabetes Education Program diabetes management booklet: The GRADE experience.Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners,29(5), pp.255-263. Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R., 2015. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.Diabetes care,38(1), pp.140-149. Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R., 2015. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.Diabetologia,58(3), pp.429-442. Pal, K., Dack, C., Ross, J., Michie, S., May, C., Stevenson, F., Farmer, A., Yardley, L., Barnard, M. and Murray, E., 2018. Digital Health Interventions for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Qualitative Study of Patient Perspectives on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support.Journal of Medical Internet Research,20(2), p.e40. Powers, M.A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M.M., Fischl, A.H., Maryniuk, M.D., Siminerio, L. and Vivian, E., 2015. Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,115(8), pp.1323-1334. Rosland, A.M., Kieffer, E., Spencer, M., Sinco, B., Palmisano, G., Valerio, M., Nicklett, E. and Heisler, M., 2015. Do pre-existing diabetes social support or depressive symptoms influence the effectiveness of a diabetes management intervention?.Patient education and counseling,98(11), pp.1402-1409. Sohal, T., Sohal, P., King-Shier, K.M. and Khan, N.A., 2015. Barriers and facilitators for type-2 diabetes management in South Asians: a systematic review.PloS one,10(9), p.e0136202. Xiang, Y., Luo, P., Cai, X., Tang, Y. and Wu, Z., 2017. results of a pilot study of patient-to-patient education strategy on self-management among glycemic uncontrolled patients with diabetes.Patient preference and adherence,11, p.787.

The Achievement of Desire free essay sample

In this article I guess the author In details described his passion to reading and his steps to his adult life, to life nowadays. In this text, Richard Rodriguez gains his undying interest in reading. This is where he realizes what he believes would be his true calling. He believes reading would open up a new chapter of life to him whew using Hostages book to describe his life, it wasnt until he came across that book that he knew what category of student he fell under. The main idea is observed briefly at least for me.The piece more looks like an autobiography. Although After spending many years lost in the academic world, Rodriguez began questioning his life and the life that he left behind. He also began to realize that things he was running away from Is what he desperately needed. He finally came to the conclusion that his life of closeness with his parents Is something not to be ashamed of. We will write a custom essay sample on The Achievement of Desire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he finally figured that out, his education had ended. I truly believe that Rodriguez key to peppiness was to find a balance between his childhood home life.I liked the way the author described his childhood years although the one not understandable thing for me was his behavior with his parents. He was ashamed of them however they always tried to be with him when needed. He had good parents but the author is purse-proud of his achievement in education. As for the piece itself it was written perfectly and understandable and interesting, because throughout the piece it was hard to find the main point of it, so I really wanted to finish it.